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"For Quickly, the Easy and Certain Identification, Nothing Better a Photograph"

Ninth October, 1804, the Governor of Massachusetts distributed a passport to a man that claims to be Joseph Warren Reveres, the son of Paul of famous patriot Reveres. The passport did not include description, the signature and certainly no photograph of Joseph Reveres.

Six months later, in England, the same man did a request of another passport, offering as the documentation his first passport and a letter of introduction predtendument of his father. The Load of the Matters of the U. Legation distributed the passport March 15, 1805. This time the document, signed by Joseph Reveres, included a brief description of him.

Were these passports distributed to the same man, the man that claims to be Joseph Warren Reveres, the son of Paul Reveres? The Governor of Massachusetts could have been able to be answerable for Reveres the identity, but to be able the even is said Load of the Matters to London and the Consul in Rotterdam? Can the man describes by the Load of the Matters as the being "lights rather" in the complexion, with a forehead "common" and a "big" chin, is just describes three weeks as having later a complexion "brown", with a forehead "low" and a chin "normal"?

Indeed, the support of these passports was precisely that it said that it was ae" Joseph Warren Reveres, the son of the famous patriot. But the incoherences in the documents, their lack of positive identification and their sensitivity to damage, forgery, the change and misappropriation, the challenges of essential one that always confront the technology of modern identification. Be us that we say that we are? Can we prove it? Can the distinctive document easily is produced, quickly and inexpensive? Is this functional one and says to use? Is this durable one and permanent?

The worry for the positive identification is a comparatively recent phenomenon. For most of recorded history there was the small need for the positive identification because the people rarely traveled beyond their own cities or beyond the province. When they did, there was the small point in to carry documents of identification because most of the people are not able the reed or write.

Nevertheless, for the elite occupied in the foreign trip, the passport usage can be traced to 450 B.C. according to the Bible (Nehemiah 2.7), the King of Persian one distributed a passport to Nehemiah, the governor that it named to govern Palestine: "If it pleases the King, leave letters gave me to the governors of the province beyond the River that they allows me go through until I come to Judah".

Before 1796 American passports did not contain descriptions of their carriers, probably because they were supposed to be of the "sirs" of which the moral norms would exclude the malrepredsentation and for that an inspection of their physical characteristics would be considered as the insult.

The times and the moral encoded the change. At the end of the Revolutionary War, the Continental Congress created the Department of Foreign Affairs (later to become the Department of the State) person in charge of, among others things, the granting of the passports. Since 1976, the American distributed passports were demanded to contain abroad physical descriptions. In 1811, the same condition was spread to the distributed passports to Washington.

Local authorities and state distributed passports until 1856, when Congress limited to work to the Ministry of the federal foreign affairs. Safe the periods of war, the passports were not demanded for the international trip until 1914: previously they were simply government to ae"the ask government for the passage and the sure assistance for their citizens.

The introduction of Photograph
With the invention of photograph of portrait practices by Louis Daguerre in 1839, in became possible to true created and defining the people photographs. But even the biggest one of inventions takes the time to spread itself through the corporation. The photograph remained a complicated and specialized process with few practiciens until 1888 when George Eastman introduced the camera Cubicle of Kodak No 1. The camera came loaded with the film and was returned to the factory for the treatment, printing and refill. In the first one two years 1000,000 cameras were sold.

One of the more first implementations of photograph of identification were a 1906 tests by the War Department American to add photographs to the personnel reports.

This was not until 1915 that the photographs were demanded behaves U. passports. Until this time these American passports where printed on a leaf of single and contained paper essentially the same information that the conception, ornamentation and the usage of the seals. Six years later passports were printed on the paper of watermarked to keep against the change frauduleux.

On the in front of of house, prevent from the spies, the saboteurs and "the fifth columnists" to infiltrate in the plants of defense and other industries that supports the production of time of war, the government ordered employers to photograph and to take the fingerprints of all the workers with the access to the sensitive sectors and the distribute the documents of photographic indentification that easily could be verified by the personnel Of security. For most of the employers, this was the first security of employee of time and the identification became a major problem in the work place.

In contrast to the effort of identification of armies, where an only department determined how the order would be satisfied, implementation was left in the hands of employers, the subject to the approval of the Federal Office of Investigation. The order proved a not very difficult one to execute.

Some employers were a question of an independent manner. Of others, as 157 businesses in Root, Wisconsin, formed a Factory the Association that distributed a document of standard identification to all the workers of defense of Root took to two popular solutions ae" the button of photo and the card of piece of identity with photo. Scores of systems of camera do house and commercial where developed for these uses.

The photo buttons entered a form selection, of ordinary 1 ½ - 2 thumbs in the diameter and were constructed of two diameters and were constructed of two pieces of copper. The posterior plate was solid metal, on which was placed a cover of photograph and acetate. The plate lid of copper was opened in the middle to leave the photo spectacle by and had the name and the location of the crinkled business around his front perimeter. The entire assembly was inserted in the hand press that bent the edge of plate lid around the posterior plate. Any attempt to remove the acetate or forces the copper easily was noticed.

While the businesses could send their employees to the local photographers to have their portraits take, a lot went to see a system that kept the photographic process under their clean check, maximizing the security, reducing costs, and keep their workers on the site.

Early the Systems of ID
A high camera of ID of developed volume for the war effort was the Unity of identification of Graflex, developed by the commercial Corporation of Graflex of Folmer of Rochester, N.Y. It had a prefocused 75 mm the lens and a magazine of film interchangeable that delay to 100 feet of 35 mm the film. A completely loaded camera could take to 800 portraits without refilling.

The camera of Graflex was attached to an adjustable plateforme that student or could be lowered to suit the subject, that was photographed to hold in front of a height graph with their supported chest against the in front of plateforme. To do facing the camera at the end of the plateforme was a door id; under the normal operation conditions the system could photograph 200 people by the hour. A user was retrieved to have photographed also the man as 480 people by the hour.

The businesses that did not have access to the camera of Graflex or a similar unity, or could not allow such a systems proposed their own solutions. The such a business was the Reservoir of Colombian Steel Co. of Kansas City, Missouri.

In a reprinted item in several industrial editions in 1942, doing the advertising for R. of director. Robinson described in how Colombian detail had pieced together a system of similar camera in the conception and the function to the system of Graflex. Equiped with one $6.35 Brownies of Kodak the Reflex camera, a window shadow for a bottom canvas, two positions of lighting, the lights and a death the coupeur, the cost of total system was $30. Each stopping refilling after every 12 photographs, the system could photograph 60 to 75 employees by the hour ae" and as a bed of Murphy, fold against the wall when not in the usage.

The Graflex, Colombian and the other similar systems took the head-and-the shoulder portraits to create the buttons of photo and composed cards of identification. For the organizations that want a more assured identification card, a cameras and a systems were developed that would produce an a piece, a card of any photo.

Typical of these were at the system of two cameras constructs by Sam Kitrosser to produce the identity cards for the Committee of Massachusetts on Public Security. Kitrosser constructed an equipped can with the lights of portrait and document and two Grade of Ansco only the framework 35 mm the cameras have climbed close to the summit. A camera (loaded with the portrait film) did facing the subject and the other (loaded with the high film of copy of constraste) the blow in a mirror that reflected down below in the interior of the can. Placed was under the leaf of data of the subject.

Every camera had the masks of airplane of film, the one all butchers but the sector of portrait and the other to block the portrait, allowing the data leaf to be photographed. By sandwiching the two negative bodies, they simultaneously could be printed to produce a card out of nothing of identity with photo with the data and the portrait on an only leaf of photographic paper. As a card of a piece, it was very hard to change portraits without the attempt that becomes evident.

In a period of four months in 1942, Kitrosser and his assistance, and four other teams equipped with his identification system, crossed Massachusetts, producing 250,000 cards of identity for the police, the fire, the massive and other crossing occupied in the civil defense and the work of public security.

Duet Camera of Monroe
While the system of Kitrosser and of others like that it produced a card of photo of a piece of the negative ones of sandwiched, a negative one of a piece would more be assured. The problem October 1941 of Technical of photo The magazine did a report on a system, called Duet Camera of Monroe, that could well be considered the first system of modern photographic indentification.

Developed by Spencer F. Monroe and put on the market by the corporate Body of Identity of National Photo of Chicago, the system of Monroe of a step produced a negative one of a piece and has incarnate all the basic functions of in advance the more the systems of identification of transmission films based and central

The item explained that Monroe obtained the idea for the camera in 1937 when it tried to take one $200 check of expenditure to a hotel of Miami. When the cashier asked the identification, Monroe emptied the contents of his wallet on the meter. The skeptical cashier replied. "Mister, all these cards and the things could have been removed of someone on the street".

Monroe convinced at last the cashier of his identity by the demonstration him a newspaper that cuts that contained his photograph.

The experience took Monroe to develop a camera system that could photograph simultaneously on a negative single one a portrait, a signature, and a characters of thumb and the written data. Four years later, in the middle of the worry for the national security, Duet Camera of Monroe entered the market.

The camera of Monroe was equipped with two Wollensak repaired the home lenses, three lights of portrait and two internal lights of document. The ingenious mounting placed the lenses on straight out sides of the film. The portrait lens photographed the subject and projected the picture on the in front of film while the document lens projected the picture of leaf of information of a mirror and on the back of the film. Mask prudent prevented the pictures form interference itself.

The camera of Monroe held 200 feet of 35 mm the film and was said to be able to photograph an individual in of five seconds and almost 250 people in an hour.

The non identified author of the 1941 items recognized the importance of photographic indentification to the war effort, but added this clever prediction of the system of photographic indentification of Monroe: "ae¦Probably the true future of the lies of device in his capacity to identify people in their picture helped Mr. Monroe to obtain his steep-sided check".

Indeed, the cards of piece of identity with photo changed little in the appearance since Second World War. The more, then as now, contain the photo of the support, personal the news, a number of identification, a logo organisationnel, and the signature of an officer that distributes. What changed since the mi-40ae™s is the methods of production and of security and functional characteristic.

The specialized Development of Id
The first mayor the improvement according to war in the photographic indentification was the 1948 introductions of the Model of Earth of Polaroid 95 immediate cameras. First offer to the public in a big store of Boston, the camera developed the sepia colored pictures in a minute. Most of the pictures of demonstration were customers that hold in front of a wall and stare at white in the camera, just as they do if the picture was to be used for an identification card. Indeed, the standard cameras of consumer of Polaroid were used for the card of composed ID.

The first attempt to turn the standard camera in a more specialized identification product was the 1952 introductions of the Camera of Id of fairchild-polaroid, producing for the photos of Id on an only leaf of film of immediate Polaroid. The camera of Fairchild used the Model 95 cameras, containing return the transportation of immediate films and the development system, and replaced the assembly of lens/shutter of Polaroid with an assembly of Wollensak, the assessor of picture of stereo and the speed lever.

With the lens assembly converted into bottom, the assessor of stereo one sent two lateral one-by-the pictures aside by the lens and projected them on the first half of the film. Without advancing the film that the assembly was changed in his rising position and a second exposition was done, exposing the new trailer pictures on the inferior half of the film.

The camera of system of Fairchild sat on an equipped tredpied with the lights of portrait of trailer spread itself to right and to the left and a door number of plate/id of name in front of the camera. The subject was held in front of a screen of force down white with his placed chest against the name plate. The camera could create portraits double individuals of trailer by the minute, and allow 10 minutes to refill the camera, the photograph 100 people in an hour.

In 1955 Polaroid introduced his own devotion of lens of ray assessor, called the Stereo Technique, that did not demand modification to the standard Model 95 cameras and produced two portraits of Id on an only leaf of immediate film.

Sam Kitrosser, that had developed a system of camera of ID of time of war, expressed for Polaroid after the war and Itek Corp. then joined. In 1961 it developed the Camera of square Course for Itek, a matter of four lenses that used the Polaroid of beast of work Models 95 immediate cameras of return as his film system. The camera of square course employed lenses of high quality and a view of professional view that did the good usage of lighting of studio, just like camera lights climbed. A system of cover of lens allowed the operator to take any or all the four pictures at the same time.