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Basic tactical. [Overstrike]

Reprint Of: http://chairmanmaozedong.org/article/273.html

(1937)

THE CHAPTER I
NOTICE INTRODUCTION
1. HOW THE POPULAR MASSES EXECUTENT ACTION MILITARY.

How the nude masses transmitted, banded together in military sick armed unities without the rifles or without the bullets, can load the enemy, kill the enemy, and resolutely execute the effective action in the war? This is a very shed and very reasonable question. But if we know the function of the weapons used by an army and the objective of an action of the army, we can understand then how our popular masses, although nude transmitted, always to have weapons and to be able to engage in the action to submit the enemy.

The principal function of a weapons of the army is simply to kill the enemy, and an objective of the final army is simply to reduce or to destroy the force of fight of the enemy. Well, in our daily life, there is the object that cannot be used to kill the enemy or the action type that cannot reduce or can destroy his fight force? For example, a kitchen knife, a club drinks some, an axe, a hoe, a stool drinks some, or a rock all can be used to kill people. The actions such as cutting electric lines, destroying bridges, beginning rumors, spreading poison, or cutting of the provisions are able everywhere the disturbance the enemy or reduce his fight force. All these are methods that we cannot want to use or incapable to employ. If we want to kill really and exterminate the enemy, there are weapons for us everywhere and the work to do us the all of the times, to guarantee the united action effective by the army and the people.

2. THE POINTS OF ATTENTION SPECIALE.

After this, we must pay the special attention to the war presents on the national level, that became cruel beyond our imagination and lasted also a long time. We do not have, because we undergo to suffer it from a than seen more cruel war in the past, right away to capitulate; does or have us, under the long influence of a war, suddenly to lose our endurance and induces the fatigue. We must inspire ourselves with the spirit more resolved of fights firm, with the patriotic feelings the most burning ones, and with the will to the endurance, and execute an extended fight against the enemy. We must know that, although the circumstances and the length of the war are cruel and extended, this is nothing compared to what would arrive if the war was lost; if our country was destroyed and all our people reduced to a position of irretrievable ruin, to suffer it would be even more cruel and would never finish itself. Therefore, nevertheless cruel the war can be, we have absolutely and endure firmly until the last one five minutes of fight. This is especially the case with our present enemy, that finds his advantage in a quick decision in the war, while our advantage is to be found in the extended strategy of a war.

3. WE MUST not FEAR THE ENEMY.

When we see the enemy, simply because it has a weapon in its hands, we must not be frightened to the death as a rat that sees a cat. We must not be afraid of to approach him or seeping in in in his environment to carry out the sabotage. We are men; our enemies are also men; we are all the men, therefore that we should fear? Does the Fact that it have weapons? We can find a manner to seize its weapons. All we are afraid of is killed by the enemy. But when we undergo the oppression of the enemy to a such not at all as this, how any the one can always fear the death? And if we do not fear the death, then which is there to be afraid of the enemy? So when we see the enemy, if it is a lot or few, we must use although it is bread that can satisfy our hunger, and right away to swallow it.

4. THE DEFINITION OF GUERILLA

When this not to be advantageous for our principal army of earth to meet the enemy in the engagements on a large scale and we, therefore, to let the unities of commando unit go out or guerrilla unities, that employ the tactics to avoid the force and to hit to weakness, of voleter of and having the not position sets up, and to submit the enemy according to the circumstances, and when we do not oppose the enemy according to the rules Ordinary of tactics, this Is Called employing the guerrilla tactics.

THE CHAPTER II
TACTICAL

At once when our national preparation of defense of the country is not completed, and when our weapons are inferior to the excellent equipment with which the enemy furnished himself, we must observe the following principles when we wish to take a fight with the enemy:

1. THE PRECAUTIONS WHEN ON THE MARCH.

When we are on the March, we must send unities in civil armies with the guns forward of our avant-garde one, behind our posterior guard, and alongside our lateral defenses, to spy out the position and to anticipate assaults unexpected by the enemy, or the superfluous conflicts.

2. THE PRECAUTIONS DURING THE ARRETS.

When we establish his camp, if there is an assumption that the enemy can be near, we should send everyday a business of guedrilleroae”ou at least a sectionae”vers the defenses of the enemy to execute the recognition to a distance (of 20 to 30 lions) or to join in top with the local forces and executes the publicity among the masses, to inspire them to withstand the enemy. If this unity discovers the enemy, it has, on one hand, to withstand it, and on the other hand the report to us for that we can prepare to meet the enemy or to back up itself without is drawn in an useless fight.

3. WE MUST not ATTACK THE POSITIONS OF FORT.

If the enemy keeps his position or defends firmly a not at all strategic fort, then, unless we have special guarantees of success. ourselves must not attack it. If we attack it, we will waste the considerable time, and our losses in killed and injured be certainly a lot time those of the enemy. Of more, in the guerrilla, our artillary is not strong: if we attack imprudemment a strong position, this will be very difficult to take it quickly, to a blow, and during this time it will be easy for the enemy to muster its forces of all the sides and we surround. On this point, the army and the people must be absolutely the business of goal and cannot act imprudemment in a disorderly method because of an anger of the moment.

4. THE STEP FIGHTS HARD FIGHT.

If we do not have a 100 guarantee of percent of victory, we should not fight a fight, for this is not the value while to kill 1,000 of the enemy and loses 800 killed one among us. Especially in the guerrilla as take us, it is difficult to replace men, the horses, and the munitions; if we fight a fight and lose a lot of men, and of horses, and of a lot of munitions, this must be considered a defeat for us.

5. WE MUST not FIGHT IF THE POSITION OF THE ENEMY is not CLEAR.

When we established his camp in a certain place and let us discover suddenly the enemy but do not let us are informed as for its numbers or where it comes from, we must not fight absolutely, but must back up resolutely several tens of lion. It is only if we have reason against the enemy that we should send unities cover, for, if the enemy comes to attack us, is certainly because its forces are superior or it has a project, and we have in any case belongs to his trap. If the enemy is in the force, this is evidently advantageous to back up itself. If its numbers are small and we back up ourselves, nothing more than the fatigue a not very additional one is implied, and it there always will have the time to return and to attack him again later.

6. WE MUST ORGANIZE THE MASSES AND let us unite themselves WITH THEM.

The modern war is not a question in that the armies can determine alone the victory or the defeat. Especially in the guerrilla fight, we must count on the force of the popular masses, for it is only as well as we can have a success guarantee. The support of the offers of masses we big advantages as for the transportation, the assistance to injured, intelligence, the interruption of the position of the enemy, etc. At the same time, the enemy can be put in an isolated position, more increasing thus our advantages. If, by the misfortune, we beat, it will be so possible to escape or to find concealment. Therefore, we must not give lightly the fight to his place where the masses are not organized and we linked up.

7. USE THE MASSES TO DO AN ASSAULT OF SURPRISE AND BREAK A BLOCKADE.

When the enemy surrounds us and we block, we should awaken the popular masses and coupon the communications of the enemy in all the directions, for that it does not know that our army already is close to him. Then, we should take advantage of a dark night or light of dawn to attack and to disperse him.

8. THE SURPRISE ATTACKS ON UNITES ISOLEES.

When we have reconnoitered the position of the enemy and kept our men to a distance of several lions and when it relaxed unquestionably its precautions, then we advance quickly with the light equipment, before the dawn when the enemy does not foresee us, and to exterminate it.

9. USE THE POPULAR MASSES AS HARRY THE ENEMY.

While basing itself on a decision by the principal force of the army, in the fight time, we let the party of our forces go out, divided in several SMALLER unitedsae”le to be element a sectionae”mener the local militia, the police, the army of voluntary, or the other popular masses of the peasantry and the workers. These groups use a big variety of flags, take care of the summits or towns and the cities bargain over, use bells of copper, the javelins, the rudimentary canon, the swords and the lances, the trumpets, etc. They disperse everywhere in the landscape and the scream, misleading thus the eyes of the enemy and the ears. Or, in the evening and the day, of all sides, they offload the isolated blows to cause the panic among the soldiers of enemy and tire their spirit. Then, after, our army appears in the full force when the enemy does not foresee that it and the disperses by a flank assault.

10. ENCIRCLE AROUND TO LEAVE THE ENEMY.

When we confronted to a big force of enemy and do not have the sufficient force to meet his assault, we use the method to encircle about. We hasten to a place where there is not troops of enemy, and we use the mountain tracks for that the enemy cannot recover ourselves. At the same time, along the way, we use the popular masses, obtaining them to continue the recognition work in the in front of and the back, for that we did not attack, by the enemy of or the direction.

11. GO OUT OF THE DIFFICULT POSITIONS.

Presume that in the back there is a following army and in the in front of an obstacle, or that the following army is too strong for us. As a project go out of difficult such a position, we can send a part of our forces 4 or 5 lions, attract the enemy on a big road, while our principal force follows a lateral road and escapes the enemy. Or we can do a detour about at the back of the enemy and the attacks there by the surprise. Or we can use the local militia and the police to go another road, leaving some objects, doing the tracks in the road, sinking on the notifications etc., therefore as to induce the enemy to follow them. Then, our principal force goes out itself suddenly predcipitamment of a lateral road, striking to the enemy of the in front of and the back, the surrounds, and annihilates it of all sides.

12. "TO CAUSE A COMMOTION IN THE EAST, BURDENS IT IN THE WEST".

When the army wants to attack a certain place, it advances not there but does directly a detour by some other place and changes then his current in the middle of his March, to attack and to disperse the enemy. "The thunder blow does not leave time to cover an ears".

13. THE ASSAULTS CONCEAL AMBUSH.

When the enemy follows us in the big haste let us choose us a place for an ambush and an expectation until it arrives. Thus, we can capture the enemy all to a blow.

14. AMBUSH THE ENEMY DURING HIS MARCH.

When we learn from the recognition that the enemy has the intention in advance of a certain one not at all, we choose a place where his way is narrow one and go through the disconcerting mountainous land and sends a part of our troupesae”ou a group of the marksmen to remain hidden on the mountains trimming his way, or in the forest, await until his principal force go through. Then we sand eels of the boulders down below on its men of the mountains and the hidings with the bullets, or pull ambush to their orders climbed on to horse back.

15. DO A STRONG DEFENSE WHILE EMPTYING THE LANDSCAPE.

When our spies informed us that the enemy is about to to arrive, and if our force is not sufficient to give the fight, we should execute then the stratagem of "doing a strong defense while emptying the landscape". We hide the food, the stores, the fuel, the grain, the jars and the other tools, etc., to cut food resource of the enemy. , As considers of more the popular masses of the sector in the question, with the exception of old men, the women, and the children, that are behind leave to furnish the news of recognition, we take all the men validate to hide places. Thus, the enemy has at person to use the porters, guides, and scouts. At the same time, we send some men to the lines of communication of the posterior enemies, cut its provisions, capture its mails, and his cut or his clog age its communication opportunities.

16. MEET AN ENEMY SUPERIEUR.

(1) When the enemy advances, we back up ourselves. If the forces of the enemy were weaker than the ours, it does not do dares to advance and dares to attack us. Then, when it advances towards we, we can conclude that the enemy is furnished with certainly the superior force and acts according to the project and with the preparation. This is, therefore, appropriate itself evade us his avant-garde one, while withdrawing in advance. If we meet with the enemy during our March and or do not have any clear the news for his part or know that his army is stronger than the ours, we have, without the hesitation more insignificant, execute a precaution collection.

As for the place to which should withdraw us, this not to be fitting to go long distances the principal roads, for that the enemy follows us to the end. We should move ourselves sinueusement in the sector close, climbing back up about in the circles. If the enemy appears forward of us, we should encircle about to his back, if the enemy is on the mountains, we should descend in the valleys; if the enemy is in the middle, we should back up ourselves on the two camps; if the enemy in on the left shore of the river, we should back up ourselves on the just bank; if the enemy is on the just bank, we must back up Themselves On the left shore.

Of more, in to withdraw, when we come to an intersection, we can leave deliberately some objects in the branch of the road do not take ourselves or send a small fraction of our horses of men as that, to leave some tracks or writes symbols. Or we can write to some distinctive brands on the road that let us take to indicate ourselves that it is closed. Thus, we induce the enemy to direct his pursuit and his assault in the bad direction.

To such time, it is better to evacuate the popular masses and the armies such as the militia, the police, the army of voluntary one, etc., by the various roads in all the directions, to confuse the eyes of the enemy and the ears. We can leave behind the party of our men, that bury their uniforms and their weapons and disguises itself as the merchants, the street salesmen, etc. They spread rumors or claim to oblige to spy outside the news as for the numbers of the enemy, its projects, the location and the routine of its camps, and the precautions that it takes. If the enemy questions them direction in which withdrew us and the force of our force, they should speak without coherence, indicating to the east and to say the west, indicating to the south and to say the north, substitute big by small and small by big, talking about at random and creating rumor. They await until our army is about to to attack, and then they dig up their uniforms and the placements on, go out their weapons, and attack the enemy of his environment, completely the leader thus and leaving it with nullepart to turn.

(2) When the enemy backs up himself, we follow. When the army of enemy backs up himself, it is fitting to take advantage of the position to advance. On such an occasion, the position of the military enemy must have undergone a change, otherwise it would not have backed up himself, and it certainly is not prepared to join the fight against us with the resolution. If we take advantage of the position and do a cover assault on his back, the unities of cover of the enemy will be not certainly resolved to fight, and in the context of the project of the general enemy it will be difficult for its sassy unities to return and to participate the edraille. In the gnarled mountainous land, where the ways are narrow and rivers and the streams intertwined for that there is a lot of bridges, even if the sassy forces of the enemies to do u-turn, this movement would demand the a lot of times. Then, the time it does u-turn, his back already will have been annihilated and it already will have been disarmed.

In this moment, the organizations of the popular masses, should conceive methods to destroy the bridges on the road on which the enemy backs up himself, or cuts the sons of his system of communications. Or, better of all, they should await until the mass of the army of the enemy backed up himself and, take advantage of the protection allowed by our guards and our army, block the way of the enemy of retirement, for that, although its forces can want do u-turn, they cannot do it, and, although they languish for the assistance, they cannot obtain it.

But, to such a time, the task more important of the popular masses is to spy out the direction in which the enemy withdraws, to verify if there can be an ambush or a feigned retirement wanted to surround by us two sides, and the report to us right away for that our army can pull out on courage and follows the enemy or conceives a method to evade Him.

(3) When the enemy stops himself, we harass it. When the enemy recently arrived in our territory, not is familiar with the land, not understands local dialect, and is incapable to win the news of the scouts that it does go out, this is as if it had entered a distant and inaccessible earth. To such a time, we should increase our harca¨lementae”dedchargeant of the rifles everywhere, to hurt it the comfort day and night, therefore to exercise a big influence on his spirit and his body under such circumstances, I fear that any army, nevertheless authoritarian, will begin shaking and will become tired. We must await only the time when its spirits shake and his tired body, and then, if our armies hurry in all together, we can exterminate it certainly completely.

17. TREAT A WEAK ENEMY.

The fight as us are for the existence of our nation and the accomplishment of the objectives of guedrillaae”qui are to destroy the enemy and to instigate the courage of the popular masses when we confronted to a weak enemy, naturally we should unite ourselves with the popular masses of the place in the question to surround it and exterminates it to a blow.

18. EXCITE THE MASSES.

There always is a good number of among the popular masses that forget the big cause for the good of petty advantage. Having received frequently big favors of the enemy, they in contrast to act the conscience and help the poorly forces. For this reason, before the arrival of the enemy in a given place, we must do our maximum to kindle the spirits of the popular masses, to awaken their will to withstand and to endow the with an unshakeable resolution to fight to the end. without looking for the advantage, without the compromise or without the surrender. We must induce them to follow our orders sincerely and to cooperate with our army to withstand the enemy. At the same time, we should organize also "resist-the one-enemy associations", "the associations for the good day national", and the typical others of professional bodies to facilitate the transmission of orders and the town discharge in the time of necessity and to clean traitres and prevents their usage by the enemy.

THE CHAPTER III
The OBJECTIVE OF THE WAR

The ultimate objective of guerrilla is certainly to disarm the enemy, to destroy his fight force, to return the territories it occupied and save our brothers that it tramples under the foot! But when, because of the circumstances objectify and because of the other factors of various types, it is impossible to attain this objective, it arrives sometimes that the sectors without allocation by the fight are checked by the enemy in the very quietness. This should not be. Because of this possibility, we must imagine methods to inflict the economical and political damages these sectors and to destroy the communication opportunities, for that, although the enemy occupied our territory, it is him useless and it decides to withdraw on his own initiative.

In the guerrilla, we must observe the principle "to win the territory is not any cause for the joy, and lose the territory is not any cause for sorrow". To lose the territory or the cities are of no importance. The important one this is to imagine methods to destroy the enemy. If the effective force of the not enemy is diminished, even if we take cities, we will be incapable to hold them. Mutually, when our clean forces are insufficient, if we renounce the cities, we always have the hope to regain the. This completely is moved to defend cities to the maximum, for this takes simply to sacrifice our clean effective force.

IV OF CHAPTER
ORGANIZATION
1. THE OCCASIONS FOR THE ORGANIZATION.

(1) When we devote ourselves to the war in an open region, this is the sectors not very populated, with a low level a cultural level, where a communications are difficult with the and the opportunities to transmit correspondence is inadequate, that is advantageous.

(2) To Reduce mountainous regions, rising and fall the land, or the sectors nearby of the roads edtroitesae”qui all is inopportune for the movement of big bodies of the troops are so advantageous.

The occasions exist also:

(3) When the people in the back of the enemy are in the sympathy with our army.

(4) When the good arms enemy, and its numerous and courageous troops for that we must evade direct conflicts.

(5) When the enemy penetrated deeply in our territory and we prepare everywhere to execute measures of harassment and the obstruction against him.

(6) the Dense forests or marsh tednus, in the depths of which we can disappear, are the most advantageous one to this effect, especially in the last one been and the last fall, when we are located behind a green curtain.

2. THE FORMS OF ORGANIZATION.

The action of a unity of guerrilla takes one of the following forms:

(1) do Us go out a big unity of cavalry of our principal force, together with the artillary climbed, or the cavalry accompanied of a section or more armed with the light automatic weapons. They penetrate as quickly as possible in the back of the enemy destroys there all its links of communications, and execute the meticulous destruction and completes of all its warehouses of food, the grain for its horses, and its munitions. Of more, they do go out a small group of their forces to destroy all the places of military meaning in the back of the enemy. Once these incursions were executed, the group fights his manner out in another direction and retorts the principal force.

(2) do Us go out the cavalry or a group of special task of infantry. Their it should be necessary a section to some businesses. They should penetrate as deeply as possible in the back of the enemy and, moving itself quickly and impredvisiblement, should carry the fight from one place to another. When there is not of alternate, or when the enemy is not counted to arrive before a certain time, they also can remain temporarily in the secret where they are. As demanded by the requirements of the position, they all can employ or a part of their forces. They return when the time comes that they no longer are able the stay in the back of the enemy, or when the task confided in them are completed, or because the enemy already discovered our tracks and our intention, and took effective measures of defense.

(3) In the back of the enemy, we choose some young, the strong and courageous elements the local population and organizes some small groups that will accept the direction of the experienced persons and induced do us go out or of experienced persons that we had induced previously in the place in the question. The secret activity of these small groups implies the move of their own sector to another the one, changeable their uniforms, their numbers of unity, and the external appearance, and the usage of every method if as to cover their tracks to the maximum.

(4) Or we look for voluntary of our army and the furnish with the light weapons of high quality, to form them in special unities of guerrilla under the direction of the officers such as took advantage experience and study.

(5) the unities of Guerrilla can be classified according to their nature. These form of voluntary ones choose are called special unities of guerrilla. These organized one generally on one hand of our army are called basic unities of guerrilla. These organized one local population are called local unities of guerrilla. When basic unities of guerrilla and local engage in the combined actions, they are liable to the unified order of the order of basic unity.

(6) as for the choice of the members of a unity of guerrilla, the members of a unity of basic guerrilla should be taken of among these soldiers that are healthy, the goal business, the patient, courageous, and lively. Of more, the soldiers that want themselves to join the group in the question. In the case of the independent actions executed by these men during the guerrilla operations, there is not generally in a manner to verify if their tasks in conformity are executed to the orders, and frequently they act beyond the knowledge of the responsible order. For this reason, the choice and inducing members of unities of guerrilla should have as his central theme "executing faithfully a task. "

(7) The choice and the nomination of the order of a group of try guerrilla or of small group demand the same bigger foresight and the biggest reflection. The capacity of the orders for the faithful and courageous action, their especially military knowledge their knowledge of possession of tactiques them of guerrilla of a lively intelligence and the capacity to adapt quickly to the changeable circumstances, their loyalty, and to dare them are essential conditions for executing of the projects and to complete our tasks.

3. THE NUMBER OF TROOPS

The number of men that belong to a guerrilla unity is determined by the tasks, but it ordinarily spreads of five or ten men to something on a thousand. Nevertheless, the force maximum of such a unity cannot surpass a regiment. If the number of soldiers is too big, the movements of our forces will be cluttered, there will be bigger difficulties as for the food resource, and it will be difficult to conceal the troops by the usage of false uniforms. Because of these problems, our projects could be discovered or could be revealed before they have was executed. , Filling with more our provisions of munitions will be a problem. Of more, we will have often difficulties because of the poor roads, with the result that fact not only all our projects proves simply illusory, but also we will belong often to the difficulties to no good goal in to go and to return.

The big superiority of a small unity of guerrilla remains in his remarkable mobility. With the very small expenditure of time and of effort, the one can obtain from the food, and this is so easy to find a place to rest, for the not a has need of a lot of in the manner of rations or a shelter place to camp. Less always is one delayed by the bad roads, and the provisions of munitions and of medicine are so easy to fill. If we do not arrive to our operation, we can back up ourselves in the good order.

4. THE TYPES OF SOLDIERS.

As for the type of salaried soldiers in guerrilla unities, the cavalry, the engineers, and the movable troops of infantry extremely is excellent. The cavalry is confided with the try to create the disorder on the flanks of the enemy, and also, when we follow the enemy, with that to maintain pressure on his posterior guard and to create the confusion on its flanks and in his back. Of more, to any instant, the cavalry is the unity of only guerrilla instrument to transmit correspondence and for reconnoitering. Therefore, the cavalry is essential to any unity of guerrilla. The engineers are used to destroy communications in the back of the enemy (as the iron ways, the lines of telephone and tedledgraphe, the bridges, etc.) As for unities extremely of movable infantries, they are useful to surprise the enemy and the products in him a sensation of night of insecurity and of day.

5. ARM.

Outside of the rifles of the infantry and the cavalry, the light machine guns, the hand grenades, etc., guerrilla unities also should be furnished with the guns and the submachines.

In the measure where the land allows it, the one can add also heavy machine guns, the mortars, and the small canons.

6. MEN AND LUGGAGE

The convenience to be movement and nimbleness the characteristics of a unity of guerrilla, the luggage train, the cases of equipment and the munitions, etc., should be kept all as simple as possible for the convenience good. The fighter and the members non-fighters of unity all should be organized as appropriates itself more for the guerrilla, and all other persons that are not essential should be maintenedes the strict minimum.

(1) The officers and The men in every squad of guerrilla should not surpass 8; every section should not surpass 26; and every business should not surpass 100.

(2) When the automatic weapons are a little more numerous, the number of men always ampler can be reduced, and guerrilla unities composed from 5 or 6 men can be done go out to many returns, to attain the biggest one has for result of the terms to harass the enemy or to obtain intelligence.

(3) Every order of a unity should have only a methodical one to more. Outside of this according to the complexity of the tasks, two or three officers should divide the services of a methodical one. Even more of attention should be granted to not mistreating this rule while increasing uselessly the number of mails as a substitute for methodical and to see than an uselessly big number of men is not sent to execute a given task, reducing of this manner forces it fight of an own unity. Therefore, when the one fact go out of the mails, the one must reflect carefully on if they can accomplish their task or not.

(4) it IS preferable that every massive unity does not carry packages of food. When the rations dry reaches separately by every soldier are exhausted, the one should take advantage of occasions to borrow the jars and the saucepans of the population if as to prepare additional rations. If it is necessary to carry packages, every unity should not carry more than two.

(5) the Packages of writing of equipment should not be carried the excess of needs. Normally, two packages by the regiment, the one by the battalion, and the one by the business are acceptable. The weight of every package should not surpass 40 kilograms.

(6) Every officer and the soldier should carry his own bedding, his backpack, etc. The carriers should not be engaged to transport these items. This rule firmly should be established in advance.

7. THE OBJECTS ETRE CARRY.

A guerrilla unity preferably should have the following things:

(1) the Equipment and the explosive ones to destroy iron ways, the lines of telephone and tedledgraphe, the arsenals, etc.

(2) Medicines. These necessary one in case of the urgencies should be carried according to the season, but the seasonings, etc., should be furnished on a permanent basis.

(3) A compass, and A cards of the sector in which guerrilla unity works.

(4) To Light the radio equipment, that is especially important to be able to retrieve of the all of the times on the position of the enemy and to listen in on the reports of the enemy.

(5) A certain quantity of pieces in now, provide with the unexpected needs and to buy food.

8. DISCIPLINE.

If the military discipline of a unity of guerrilla is good influences the entire reputation of our army and his capacity to obtain the sympathy and the support of the popular masses. The only strict discipline can assure the victory completes of all our independent actions. Therefore, our attitude towards these persons that violent of the military discipline, harm the interest of the people, and do not resolutely execute the orders of their superior ones, should consist in to punish the harshly without consideration more insignificant for the courtesy. The application of military discipline in a unity partisane aims not exclusively to the punishment. Rather, it aims to strengthen the instruction politics of the officers and the men and student their level of political conscience, indirectly eliminating of this manner several actions in contrast to the discipline and cause military the officers and the soldiers to understand the psychology of the masses, for that to the fitting times that they can unite themselves efficiently with the common people.

9. POLITICAL ORGANIZATION.
(1) Every group of try guerrilla and the small group should have a political director, and in the principal seat of the unity of guerrilla there should be a department of political formation, to direct the work politics of officers and of soldiers and treats the human problems of all the political instructors.

(2) Every unity of disorder of a unity of guerrilla should establish a special commissioner to keep against the infiltration and the activity of reactionary elements and to encourage these soldiers without the clear ideological conscience that shakes in their goals.

(3) to prevent the desertion by the soldiers, a committee against the desertion, just like "the groups of ten," should be organized in every unity of guerrilla. The groups of ten and the committee against the desertion are negative methods to prevent from desertion. Their organization and the work should be executed almost as follows:

Has. To prevent the desertion, every unity of guerrilla should establish a committee of desertion and every unity of disorder should organize a group of ten.

B. The committee against the desertion should be composed from seven to nine people, one of them to be the president and the other members. It should be composed from frameworks of decrease level that can endure difficulties and of which thought it is the monastery, just like the heads of the groups of ten. The groups of ten are composed from ten men in all, one of them to be the head and the other members. They are composed from faithful and reliable soldiers.

C. THE general activity of the groups of ten is subordinated to the committee against the desertion. As for the army questions, it is subordinated to the order of unity and to the committee against the desertion. In the other work, it is subordinated to the department of political formation. The two groups of ten and committees against the desertion must accept the direction of their order.

D. The work of the group of ten should examine all the actions and the speech of the officers and the soldiers, especially of "the pulleys of tension of camp" and such. The unstable elements secret should be looked at, even if they are members of the group of ten or their friends.

E. Meetings should be held once a week to reconsider the work and to be under the authority of the order and the committee against the desertion as for the position usually to any instant. After every extreme difficulty or when our army suffered an insignificant defeat and remains in his basic camp, the special attention should be paid to the unfavorable attitudes that can develop among the soldiers and to the conversations that can risk the morale of the soldiers.

F. The work of the committee against the desertion consists by over all in to reconsider the work of the groups of ten and in to warn and to direct the to the fitting times. The committee can call also lectures of the heads of all the groups of ten, or plenary lectures of all the members of the groups, discuss the progress of the work as a body.

The life of the soldiers is rather as inhabitant in the desert, and everyday the men undergo the fatigue of political study and inducing in the fight art. This easily can generate sensations of loathing and of opposition. To furnish recreation for the army and to compensate a dull life, the one should establish in a clubs of unity of guerrilla or the recreation pieces. (For the details of the organization and of activities of such clubs, see the account in the Type. XV, 10.)

10. THE FORMS SPECIALES OF MILITARY ORGANIZATION.

(1) to compensate insufficient provisions of munitions and the address to the poor shooting, every business should have: of three to nine marksmen, exclusively to be employed for the shooting of the ambush to the long distances or for the shooting to the special targets (the officers of enemy, the factory gunners or the gunner, the mails, etc.) .

(2) The order of every group of task and of small group should choose mails notably of the vigilant ones to use observe. Normally, an order of group of task should have two of these, and an ordering small one of group the one. These men serve exclusively to remedy the insufficiency of observation of battlefield.

(3) Every group of task and the small group of a unity of guerrilla should have two nurses, that consecrates itself exclusively to the care of urgency of officers and to the sick soldiers and to the instruction in hygiene.

(4) to obtain from reliable the news according at the disposal enemy, therefore as to be able to oppose it without losing any occasions, all the unities of guerrilla should establish groups of scouts. Normally, it will be sufficient if every unity has a section, every group of task has a squad, and each the small group a smaller element. A network of local scouts also should be established by the group of scouts where that they go, or by the concealed scouts in advance.

V OF CHAPTER
STAIN

The principal object of the action of a lies of unity of guerrilla in to treat the enemy more strong possible blows to his morale, and in to create disorder and the agitation in his back, in to withdraw his principal force to the flanks or at the back, in to stop or to slow down its operations, and finally in to disperse his fight force for that the unities of the enemy are crushed a to an and it Is Precipitated in a Position where, even by the quick one and the misleading actions, it can or advance can or back up itself.

1. Destroy iron ways and roads in the action sector, just like the important structures in the street. The systems of telephone lines and tedledgraphe are especially important.

2. Destroy the director of the enemy or the secondary deposits of provision.

3. Destroy the warehouses of the enemy of food and of military equipment.

4. Hit in the back of the enemy, to its induced luggage, or to its to the mails climbed and not climbed, just like to its scouts climbed, etc. Also to seize the provisions and the munitions as the enemy is bring back to the in front of.

5. Hit to the independent groups of the enemy of task and to the lived sectors that it did not again occupy solidly.

6. Mobilize and organize the popular masses and the assistance everywhere in their own autodedfense.

7. Destroy airfields and military deposits of the army of the air in the back of the enemy.

VI OF CHAPTER
OPERATIONS
1. ACTION.

1. The first principle remains in the prudent and secret preparation and in the quick one and the sudden assault. The ferocious wind and heavy rain offer a favorable occasion for a guerrilla assault, as to do thick fog, night obscurity, or the circumstances in which ones it is possible to hit to an exhausted enemy.

2. The operations of a unity of guerrilla should consist in the shocking war. If its numbers are big or small, such a unity can appear nevertheless where it is not foreseen and, in its assaults, take advantage of the lack of the enemy of preparation. But when there are indications that the position is unfavorable, or when there is not certainty of victory, it is fitting to withdraw quickly, in order not to undergo damages of the losses. If the assault at first planned by guerrilla unity does not give an advantageous result, and, the enemy examines to the shocking one, a guerrilla unity should withdraw quickly. Only when the enemy follows us, and it is impossible to evade its assaults, to be able fight us a defensive action and little by little let us withdraw then.

2. The USAGE OF TACTICS.

1. The fearsome force of a unity of guerrilla depends not without any doubts the force exclusively numerical only, but on his usage of assaults and of sudden ambushes, therefore as "to cause a commotion in the east and the strike in the west," appearing now there, using right away false banners and doing the demonstrations empty, propagating rumors of a clean force, etc., to break the morale of the enemy and creates in him A Terror without boundaries. Besides, we must do the attention to the principles such as: "The advances of enemy, we back up ourselves, the retirements of enemy, we advance, the stops of enemy, we harass it," concealed assaults, etc.

2. A really excellent stratagem to bring the enemy to its destruction lies in to mobilize the popular masses, in to do a strong defense while emptying the landscape, in to attract the enemy to penetrate our lines deeply, in to cut its communications, to his place him in a position where it has difficulties with his food resource, where its men are tired and the land is unfavorable and launching then an assault.

3. By the tactical such as sudden assaults, the ambushes, doing a strong defense while emptying the landscape, etc., a guerrilla unity should do every effort to avoid the position war, and all the frontal engagements. Before local unities of guerrilla received the training of uniform army. they should not be launched against the enemy in an uniform and extended fight. For this reason, when these local unities of guerrilla first are formed, they should be used only jointly with the actions by jointly with basic unities of guerrilla or special. It is only apreds a certain period that they can be a question of an independent manner.

4. If we hit to the point where the enemy feels the biggest difficulties, to draw his principal force to come to the relief of the position, then, after, we send our principal force elsewhere, or attack other forces, isolated and weak of the enemy or attack its reinforcements on the March.

3. ADVANTAGEOUS LAND AND DEFAVORABLE.

1. Because to open the land allows the very good small cover, this is lightly unfavorable for us when the unities of guerrilla work there. The land cover, mountainous or broken is advantageous for us.

2. A guerrilla unity should be at familiar bottom with the land in his region of action and should think frequently manners in which ones it can appear of a place where the army of enemy does not foresee it, following the secret and the hidden roads as the valleys, the forests, or reduce ways to climb back up, therefore as to approach close to the army of enemy and takes advantage of a position in which the enemy, persuaded It is all To does assured, not took measure of defense that this be. , Following then the principle that the "the thunder blow does not leave time to cover an ears," unity can hit with the sudden blows and disappears then in to hide without a track, reducing thus the enemy to a level where it does not feel assured if it withdraws or advances, attacks or defends, moves itself or always remains, sitting or to go to bed.

3. The comparatively big towns, the cities bargain over, and the places where there is a raisonablement big quantity of grain and of other movable property is frequently the objects of assault of enemy and of harassment. A guerrilla unity should spy uniformly out the tracks of the enemy, and prepare an ambush if as attack it when it is in the middle of his March.

4. A guerrilla unity should use every method, in his action sector, prevent the small unities of the enemy to enter. and his principal force to conceal itself there. In case of the necessity, a guerrilla unity should strive to unmask itself also the force, the disposal, and the military projects of the operation of enemy outside his sector of action.

4. SEASONS.

A guerrilla unity must consider the seasons (the winter, the summer, or the fall is suitable for the operations), with the reference by the strength of our forces and to those of the enemy, and especially with the reference to the war weapons; it must be also to familiar bottom with the organization of the back of the enemy. If every season is in favor of also determined us with the reference to the land.

5. SECRET ACTION

The special quality of the operations of a unity of guerrilla remains completely in to take the enemy by the surprise. Therefore, we must take every possible measure to preserve the military secret, as describes in detail to the under:

1. The order of unity should explain to its subordinate their tasks and the project for the operation just before that the action begins, or while they advance. In case of the necessity, it should explain the entire project only by the steps, for that of others learn from every only step when demanded.

2. The better method for the order transmission in a guerrilla unity is by the oral explanations of the order to its subordinate ones. It is necessary to limit written as far as possible orders, to avoid the escape of military secrets.

3. The one should not discuss all an actions and a projects with the guides or the local population. This is the case same in the matter of the local populations in favor of us; it is even more necessary to defend such speech when we are about to to attack a certain place.

4. We should let the faithful and reliable scouts go out of in advance to observe the point where we will camp or remain in the ambush alongside the important roads in the back of the enemy, to cut of its information.

5. When we advance, our posterior guard should take the full responsibility to obliterate and to remove all the signals of secret and the road panels. We should advance also by the indirect road, for that the enemy does not know the direction of our advance.

6. The encoded names set up should be used instead of all the designations of unity, and the usage of the true names of unities strictly should be forbidden.

7. Safe in case of necessity, all the documents all should be burned continuation after they were read.

8. Outside of the methods already enumerated, the true projects of a unity of guerrilla also can be obscured in certain cases while using the local population for the intentional propagation of false information of the operations of the unity of guerrilla, to cheat the enemy.

6. ARRANGEMENTS AND THE PREPARATIONS FOR THE MOVEMENT.

So that our movements are quick, outside of to do our maximum to simplify all our organization, we have of the all of the times maintain excellent preparations for the action (the investigation and the intelligence as for the in front of, the care of sick soldiers, the preparation for the guides, employing preferably local peasants of which the sympathies remain with the guerrillas, or the other reliable persons), and we preferably should carry also three rations of the Days dry. If this is done, then when we want to move ourselves, we move ourselves, and when we want to stop, we stop, and there is not need for the special disposals.

7. THE CONDITIONS FOR VICTORY.

1. A condition for the victory of a unity of guerrilla is that the officers and the soldiers have an absolutely courageous and resolved spirit. They also must be filled with an action spirit in common, and be at vigilant bottom and have resolved to execute their clean tasks. Outside of this, they must have healthy bodies and can endure hardships without boundaries, be good to the usage of their weapons, etc.

2. A guerrilla unity should not lose the heart in the difficult times, or to have the stops his activity if it meets difficult circumstances. As considers their confidence in the ultimate victory, their confidence in the success of their cause, and especially their hate of our national enemy, such circumstances should strengthen only their goal to advance courageously despite all the obstacles.

8. UNITED ACTIONS.

If a small unity of guerrilla, because its numbers are insufficient, cannot execute an assigned task to him, it can unite himself temporarily with someone other unities of guerrilla, to fill his task.

The guerrilla operations are executed better secretly night.

VII OF CHAPTER
THE SURPRISE ATTACKS
1. THE POINTS THAT SHOULD ETRE CAREFULLY HAVE CONSIDERE ACCORDING A OUR SPOTS BEFORE AN ASSAULT OF SURPRISE.

When a unity of guerrilla finished to concentrate for an assault, and when a projects for the scouts, the mail service etc., satisfaisamment all was completed, and the one prepares a surprise assault on a certain lived place, the order of the unity of guerrilla must form first a clear idea of each of the following points.

1. What does the force of the military forces defend the lived given place? How are they deployed? How are they armed? Which is their fight capacity? How much the scouts to seem a warning has they did go out?

2. Is there no other enemy close? If is there, how to the far the east? Can it come quickly using the forces defending? We can imagine ourselves how it would come to help them? Would of which direction it come?

3. Which kind of roads that it there could be followed by the guerrillas and by the enemy? Which roads it there hid nearby place let us want us to attack by the surprise? Which road done let us take us to arrive to the place that we attack? The preceding one three points is not only things that we should know being given executing a surprise assault; we must not consider them also with the reference to our collection after the assault.

4. As for to repair the time of an assault of surprise, it is better to carry it out the night, for, under the obscurity cover, even if the assault should fail, it can always inspire the panic in the enemy. But we can attack the night only if we are at familiar bottom with the land, and understood clearly that the disposals of the enemy or has extremely vouchers guides. Otherwise, we should choose rather to execute such surprise assaults to the point of the day. If a surprise assault is to be directed against a provision deposit, it should be executed in the night death, for the men, the horses, and the military equipment in such a deposit will be on the movement again tres early, to the point of the day.

5. Can the population of the lived given place assistance the enemy or not? How can we prevent the population to bring boredom on itself of this manner?

While we should think by our projects at length, we should avoid projects too much the subtle ones.

2. THE POINTS FOR ATTENTION BEFORE OF EXPOSITION.

1. Before of exposition, a guerrilla unity should complete all its preparations for the March (to see below). Of more, it should consider stretchers take for the transportation injured soldiers.

2. The method for a surprise assault on the enemy should be understood to bottom in advance not only by the order of unity and ordering them of every group of task, but also by all the members of each group of independent task. The better method to transmit these information are by the explanations oral by the order and his personnel. The written orders of all the types should be been anxious a minimum, to avoid their to have contained divulged by the loss or the error.

3. Before to expose, all the officers to every level should name a replacement, in the order, on the a hand to express their resolution to sacrifice itself, and on the other hand to avoid the risk that, if they are injured or are killed, the action of the unity of guerrilla cannot attain his objective because of them, influencing thus the entire position.

3. THE POINTS FOR ATTENTION WHILE ON THE MOVEMENT.

1. We must do the biggest efforts to conceal the movements of a unity of guerrilla and to prevent the discovery by the enemy. Therefore, while advancing, we must leave the principal roads and avoid big towns, and choose places out-of-the-way or same of the places where there is not road to all, advancing alongside to climb back up the narrow tracks. But we should avoid the roads of miry, therefore as to avoid the excessive fatigue.

2. While advancing, we should not proceed for the long time on the same road, for this does it easy for the enemy to discover our tracks. Point of view on duty our secret of movements, this is also generally fitting to move itself night, even when we advance a long distance.

3. When we advance, for the good to conceal we, we should hold the number of people that we do go out for the recognition to the low level same. Usually, it will be sufficient to send just some scouts in the street, but we must have very vouchers guides.

4. If we are not absolutely certain that there is not spies of enemy to come to observe ourselves, it is better to divide our forces in the small groups, that advances separately in the different directions and then concentrates to a point that secret was designated.

5. When a unity of guerrilla is on the movement, it should be prepared to constantly a meeting with the enemy. For this reason, the order of a unity of guerrilla generally advances, accompanied of his personnel, just behind the scouts, behind the elite soldiers, or forward personnel of unity (the personnel is confided in the direction of the second to the head). Thus, it is easy to obtain a clear picture of the position, and the decisions can be taken very quickly. If the order sees that it is possible in advance, it advances; if it becomes aware of difficulties, it withdraws. All that are demanded are for two or three officers to hold a discussion, and then the decision can be done. Thus, we avoid orders sending of long one in wide, with the consecutive waste of occasions, and we diminish the order form the back, and his associated evil to take measures not related to the circumstances.

6. Outside of the scouts did go out in the street, the soldiers of the unity of guerrilla should not load their rifles, therefore as to avoid accidental disposals during the March and the discovery by the enemy.

4. THE MEASURES ETRE TAKEN IF THE ENEMY IS DURING MEETS THAT ON THE MARCH.

1. In any case to have a guerrilla unity provokes an absurd fight before it has attained his objective. Although a guerrilla unity can meet the enemy during his March, it should conceive a manner to obtain around necessary luiae”si, leaving the initial project. If there is not in a manner to avoid the fight, we should emerge from the ambush, after the quick preparations, therefore as to appear where the enemy does not foresee that we and annihilates it by a surprise assault. At the same time, when we execute a such maneuvers, we should do the attention to if the enemy stops himself or advances, and let the scouts go out of reconnoiter of all the directions. If the army of enemy is not prepared in battle or if, although it is in some force, it is not on the alarm, we should load it right away. Otherwise, we should remain in to hide and let us await silently an occasion.

2. When, during our March, we meet the advanced posts of enemy or the scouts, we should avoid are seen by them and the passed circle them in the strict silence. But it let us meet us a position in which let us judge us there is an occasion to be seized, we should act quickly and should capture them without emptying a blow.

5. THE DISPOSAL OF TROOPS DURING AN ASSAULT OF SURPRISE.

When a unity of guerrilla executes a surprise assault, the disposal of its troops should be more or less as follows:

1. We should launch an assault ferocious by our principal force on the point in the disposal of the enemy where it injures the more ae” a really quick blow and sudden resolved. We should send also another forces around to execute the energetic action on the flanks of the enemy and in his back, to confuse his judgement, and to prevent it from probe where our principal force is localized.

2. We should attack a point in the disposal of the enemy with all our strength, but we should execute also feigned deployments in the other places and do a demonstration empties with someone dispersed soldiers, therefore as to confuse the eyes of the enemy and the ears, and to disperse its forces.

3. If we can determine in advance the line of the enemy of retirement, then we have, in the limits of which one is possible, send a part of our forces intercept it. II the enemy has his heavy artillary and the logistical provision installed outside the town, then we should designate a small special group to seize them.

4. If guerrilla unity is numerically strong, it should be divided in several columns and should execute the assault of two, three, or several directions, tempting to cut the retirement of the enemy, But we should consider the question, therefore as to avoid talkative to bottom the confusion in our own rows, that could have for result to wrong taking our own troops for those of the enemy. Because of this possibility, it is necessary, in advance of the action, to consent on the signals.

5. In the case of an assault of surprise on the enemy, if there is the reason to fear that the reinforcements of enemy arrive from a certain direction, we should send a small body of troops in advance of the action to the road where the reinforcements can arrive, therefore as to clutter their advance, or to retrieve this peril to the principal force.

6. At the time of a surprise assault, the choice of the point on which the weight of the assault will fall, and the geographic distribution of our forces (usually, of two-thirds of our men are used for the principal direction of assault, and only the one third for the auxiliary directions of assault) must be absolutely as to prevent the forces of enemy of spreads itself or the reinforcements of reception and to do it Possible for we to crush them a to One.

7. The various groups of task that form a guerrilla unity should divide their forces in a short distance same of the point where the assault is to be done, and of fact there a separated but coordinated one to advance. The better place for this is the point of which loads it will be done. Of this manner, we can avoid the misfortunes such as losing our way, or the premature division of our forces, and we can also. the guard against the danger of assaults of surprise by the enemy. For the to party are further the various columns or the independent groups, the most probable one they are to be separated by the land, and the most difficult one this will be to foresee them all strikes to the same moment.

6. THE SUCCES OF AN ASSAULT OF SURPRISE.

Usually, we load the enemy when it is not prepared, in the circumstances where it is frightened and is disrupted. If we want to hit really when the enemy does not foresee that we and attains the success, the following points should be taken care of:

1. We must act quickly and and allow not secret our projects to be revealed predmaturedment.

2. We must hit at once when the system of warning of the enemy is not very vigilant.

3. We must do a billposting empties, and assault in several places right away, for that the reaction of the enemy is confused, its forces are frightened and impede the one the other, and it cannot use all his force to withstand us taatument.

4. In executing the surprise assault, we must attack to the fixed hours; there must be not noise; no blows must be emptied; there must be no rallying cries. We must do every soldier to understand the usage of the salaried arms in a surprise assault, that is the bayonet and the hand grenade. We must not return the fire simply because we hear the of artillary of the enemy. It is only when we have an occasion to take advantage of the position to attack the enemy that we should launch our assault, with our avant-garde one well sustained by our posterior guard, choosing frontal, flank, or direct blows.

7. THE DISPOSALS FOLLOWING THE SUCCES OF AN ASSAULT OF SURPRISE.

1. Immediately that the try a surprise assault were executed, a guerrilla unity should withdraw quickly. Before to withdraw, it is better to go SOME lion in a false direction, and a then after bend and between our true direction, for that the enemy will be incapable to discover our tracks, and will not be able to follow us.

2. This not to be fitting for a guerrilla unity to take alongside the prisoners, or to obtain big quantities of loot, that brakes our movement. It is better to demand the first prisoners to put back their weapons, and then to disperse them or to execute them. As for the loot, it should be sent by the local government, or by the population.

3. During the fight, three officers and the men of every business should be given the exclusive task to take and to muster rifles and munitions together of the abandoned. After a victorious fight, we should consecrate all our efforts to collect all on the battlefield, and we can call upon also the population of sectors close to muster such things together, for that not the smallest trifle is behind left.

8. THE DISPOSALS FOLLOWING THE DEFAITE OF AN ASSAULT OF SURPRISE.

If a surprise assault is beaten, we should withdraw quickly instead of designated assembly in advance. The normal point of assembled one is in the place where we established his camp the preceding night. If our forces are sufficient, we can leave a reserve unity alongside the road of designated collection, look at out for the prisoners and the injured men.

VIII OF CHAPTER
SPYING
1. THE POINTS FOR ATTENTION IN EXECUTANT SPYING.

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Human Check. Type 8101.